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%%

%% IEEEtran.bst

%% BibTeX Bibliography Style file for IEEE Journals and Conferences (unsorted)

%% Version 1.12 (2007/01/11)

%% 

%% Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Michael Shell

%% 

%% Original starting code base and algorithms obtained from the output of

%% Patrick W. Daly's makebst package as well as from prior versions of

%% IEEE BibTeX styles:

%% 

%% 1. Howard Trickey and Oren Patashnik's ieeetr.bst  (1985/1988)

%% 2. Silvano Balemi and Richard H. Roy's IEEEbib.bst (1993)

%% 

%% Support sites:

%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/

%% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/

%% and/or

%% http://www.ieee.org/

%% 

%% For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later

%%

%% This is a numerical citation style.

%% 

%%*************************************************************************

%% Legal Notice:

%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or

%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or

%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE! 

%% User assumes all risk.

%% In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for

%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,

%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse

%% of any information contained here.

%%

%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not

%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.

%%

%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)

%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,

%% distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included

%% in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released

%% 2003/12/01 or later.

%% Retain all contribution notices and credits.

%% ** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including  **

%% ** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **

%%

%% File list of work: IEEEabrv.bib, IEEEfull.bib, IEEEexample.bib,

%%                    IEEEtran.bst, IEEEtranS.bst, IEEEtranSA.bst,

%%                    IEEEtranN.bst, IEEEtranSN.bst, IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf

%%*************************************************************************

%

%

% Changelog:

%

% 1.00 (2002/08/13) Initial release

%

% 1.10 (2002/09/27)

%  1. Corrected minor bug for improperly formed warning message when a

%     book was not given a title. Thanks to Ming Kin Lai for reporting this.

%  2. Added support for CTLname_format_string and CTLname_latex_cmd fields

%     in the BST control entry type.

%

% 1.11 (2003/04/02)

%  1. Fixed bug with URLs containing underscores when using url.sty. Thanks

%     to Ming Kin Lai for reporting this.

%

% 1.12 (2007/01/11)

%  1. Fixed bug with unwanted comma before "et al." when an entry contained

%     more than two author names. Thanks to Pallav Gupta for reporting this.

%  2. Fixed bug with anomalous closing quote in tech reports that have a

%     type, but without a number or address. Thanks to Mehrdad Mirreza for

%     reporting this.

%  3. Use braces in \providecommand in begin.bib to better support

%     latex2html. TeX style length assignments OK with recent versions

%     of latex2html - 1.71 (2002/2/1) or later is strongly recommended.

%     Use of the language field still causes trouble with latex2html.

%     Thanks to Federico Beffa for reporting this.

%  4. Added IEEEtran.bst ID and version comment string to .bbl output.

%  5. Provide a \BIBdecl hook that allows the user to execute commands

%     just prior to the first entry.

%  6. Use default urlstyle (is using url.sty) of "same" rather than rm to

%     better work with a wider variety of bibliography styles.

%  7. Changed month abbreviations from Sept., July and June to Sep., Jul.,

%     and Jun., respectively, as IEEE now does. Thanks to Moritz Borgmann

%     for reporting this.

%  8. Control entry types should not be considered when calculating longest

%     label width.

%  9. Added alias www for electronic/online.

% 10. Added CTLname_url_prefix control entry type.

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% DEFAULTS FOR THE CONTROLS OF THE BST STYLE %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% These are the defaults for the user adjustable controls. The values used

% here can be overridden by the user via IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.

% NOTE: The recommended LaTeX command to invoke a control entry type is:

% 

%\makeatletter

%\def\bstctlcite{\@ifnextchar[{\@bstctlcite}{\@bstctlcite[@auxout]}}

%\def\@bstctlcite[#1]#2{\@bsphack

%  \@for\@citeb:=#2\do{%

%    \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%

%    \if@filesw\immediate\write\csname #1\endcsname{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi}%

%  \@esphack}

%\makeatother

%

% It is called at the start of the document, before the first \cite, like:

% \bstctlcite{IEEEexample:BSTcontrol}

%

% IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later does provide this command.

% #0 turns off the display of the number for articles.

% #1 enables

FUNCTION {default.is.use.number.for.article} { #1 }

% #0 turns off the display of the paper and type fields in @inproceedings.

% #1 enables

FUNCTION {default.is.use.paper} { #1 }

% #0 turns off the forced use of "et al."

% #1 enables

FUNCTION {default.is.forced.et.al} { #0 }

% The maximum number of names that can be present beyond which an "et al."

% usage is forced. Be sure that num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al (below)

% is not greater than this value!

% Note: There are many instances of references in IEEE journals which have

% a very large number of authors as well as instances in which "et al." is

% used profusely.

FUNCTION {default.max.num.names.before.forced.et.al} { #10 }

% The number of names that will be shown with a forced "et al.".

% Must be less than or equal to max.num.names.before.forced.et.al

FUNCTION {default.num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al} { #1 }

% #0 turns off the alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs.

% #1 enables

FUNCTION {default.is.use.alt.interword.spacing} { #1 }

% If alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs is enabled, this is

% the interword spacing stretch factor that will be used. For example, the

% default "4" here means that the interword spacing in entries with URLs can

% stretch to four times normal. Does not have to be an integer. Note that

% the value specified here can be overridden by the user in their LaTeX

% code via a command such as: 

% "\providecommand\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor{1.5}" in addition to

% that via the IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.

FUNCTION {default.ALTinterwordstretchfactor} { "4" }

% #0 turns off the "dashification" of repeated (i.e., identical to those

% of the previous entry) names. IEEE normally does this.

% #1 enables

FUNCTION {default.is.dash.repeated.names} { #1 }

% The default name format control string.

FUNCTION {default.name.format.string}{ "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" }

% The default LaTeX font command for the names.

FUNCTION {default.name.latex.cmd}{ "" }

% The default URL prefix.

FUNCTION {default.name.url.prefix}{ "[Online]. Available:" }

% Other controls that cannot be accessed via IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.

% #0 turns off the terminal startup banner/completed message so as to

% operate more quietly.

% #1 enables

FUNCTION {is.print.banners.to.terminal} { #1 }

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% FILE VERSION AND BANNER %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION{bst.file.version} { "1.12" }

FUNCTION{bst.file.date} { "2007/01/11" }

FUNCTION{bst.file.website} { "http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/bibtex/" }

FUNCTION {banner.message}

{ is.print.banners.to.terminal

     { "-- IEEEtran.bst version" " " * bst.file.version *

       " (" * bst.file.date * ") " * "by Michael Shell." *

       top$

       "-- " bst.file.website *

       top$

       "-- See the " quote$ * "IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf" * quote$ * " manual for usage information." *

       top$

     }

     { skip$ }

   if$

}

FUNCTION {completed.message}

{ is.print.banners.to.terminal

     { ""

       top$

       "Done."

       top$

     }

     { skip$ }

   if$

}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% STRING CONSTANTS %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION {bbl.and}{ "and" }

FUNCTION {bbl.etal}{ "et~al." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editors}{ "eds." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editor}{ "ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.edition}{ "ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.volume}{ "vol." }

FUNCTION {bbl.of}{ "of" }

FUNCTION {bbl.number}{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.in}{ "in" }

FUNCTION {bbl.pages}{ "pp." }

FUNCTION {bbl.page}{ "p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}{ "ch." }

FUNCTION {bbl.paper}{ "paper" }

FUNCTION {bbl.part}{ "pt." }

FUNCTION {bbl.patent}{ "Patent" }

FUNCTION {bbl.patentUS}{ "U.S." }

FUNCTION {bbl.revision}{ "Rev." }

FUNCTION {bbl.series}{ "ser." }

FUNCTION {bbl.standard}{ "Std." }

FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}{ "Tech. Rep." }

FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}{ "Master's thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}{ "Ph.D. dissertation" }

FUNCTION {bbl.st}{ "st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.nd}{ "nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.rd}{ "rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.th}{ "th" }

% This is the LaTeX spacer that is used when a larger than normal space

% is called for (such as just before the address:publisher).

FUNCTION {large.space} { "\hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4em\relax " }

% The LaTeX code for dashes that are used to represent repeated names.

% Note: Some older IEEE journals used something like

% "\rule{0.275in}{0.5pt}\," which is fairly thick and runs right along

% the baseline. However, IEEE now uses a thinner, above baseline,

% six dash long sequence.

FUNCTION {repeated.name.dashes} { "------" }

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% PREDEFINED STRING MACROS %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}

MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}

MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}

MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}

MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}

MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}

MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}

MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}

MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}

MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% ENTRY FIELDS %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

ENTRY

  { address

    assignee

    author

    booktitle

    chapter

    day

    dayfiled

    edition

    editor

    howpublished

    institution

    intype

    journal

    key

    language

    month

    monthfiled

    nationality

    note

    number

    organization

    pages

    paper

    publisher

    school

    series

    revision

    title

    type

    url

    volume

    year

    yearfiled

    CTLuse_article_number

    CTLuse_paper

    CTLuse_forced_etal

    CTLmax_names_forced_etal

    CTLnames_show_etal

    CTLuse_alt_spacing

    CTLalt_stretch_factor

    CTLdash_repeated_names

    CTLname_format_string

    CTLname_latex_cmd

    CTLname_url_prefix

  }

  {}

  { label }

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% INTEGER VARIABLES %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

INTEGERS { prev.status.punct this.status.punct punct.std

           punct.no punct.comma punct.period 

           prev.status.space this.status.space space.std

           space.no space.normal space.large

           prev.status.quote this.status.quote quote.std

           quote.no quote.close

           prev.status.nline this.status.nline nline.std

           nline.no nline.newblock 

           status.cap cap.std

           cap.no cap.yes}

INTEGERS { longest.label.width multiresult nameptr namesleft number.label numnames }

INTEGERS { is.use.number.for.article

           is.use.paper

           is.forced.et.al

           max.num.names.before.forced.et.al

           num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al

           is.use.alt.interword.spacing

           is.dash.repeated.names}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% STRING VARIABLES %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

STRINGS { bibinfo

          longest.label

          oldname

          s

          t

          ALTinterwordstretchfactor

          name.format.string

          name.latex.cmd

          name.url.prefix}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% LOW LEVEL FUNCTIONS %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION {initialize.controls}

{ default.is.use.number.for.article 'is.use.number.for.article :=

  default.is.use.paper 'is.use.paper :=

  default.is.forced.et.al 'is.forced.et.al :=

  default.max.num.names.before.forced.et.al 'max.num.names.before.forced.et.al :=

  default.num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al 'num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al :=

  default.is.use.alt.interword.spacing 'is.use.alt.interword.spacing :=

  default.is.dash.repeated.names 'is.dash.repeated.names :=

  default.ALTinterwordstretchfactor 'ALTinterwordstretchfactor :=

  default.name.format.string 'name.format.string :=

  default.name.latex.cmd 'name.latex.cmd :=

  default.name.url.prefix 'name.url.prefix :=

}

% This IEEEtran.bst features a very powerful and flexible mechanism for

% controlling the capitalization, punctuation, spacing, quotation, and

% newlines of the formatted entry fields. (Note: IEEEtran.bst does not need

% or use the newline/newblock feature, but it has been implemented for

% possible future use.) The output states of IEEEtran.bst consist of

% multiple independent attributes and, as such, can be thought of as being

% vectors, rather than the simple scalar values ("before.all", 

% "mid.sentence", etc.) used in most other .bst files.

% 

% The more flexible and complex design used here was motivated in part by

% IEEE's rather unusual bibliography style. For example, IEEE ends the

% previous field item with a period and large space prior to the publisher

% address; the @electronic entry types use periods as inter-item punctuation

% rather than the commas used by the other entry types; and URLs are never

% followed by periods even though they are the last item in the entry.

% Although it is possible to accommodate these features with the conventional

% output state system, the seemingly endless exceptions make for convoluted,

% unreliable and difficult to maintain code.

%

% IEEEtran.bst's output state system can be easily understood via a simple

% illustration of two most recently formatted entry fields (on the stack):

%

%               CURRENT_ITEM

%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM

%

% which, in this example, is to eventually appear in the bibliography as:

% 

%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM," CURRENT_ITEM

%

% It is the job of the output routine to take the previous item off of the

% stack (while leaving the current item at the top of the stack), apply its

% trailing punctuation (including closing quote marks) and spacing, and then

% to write the result to BibTeX's output buffer:

% 

%               "PREVIOUS_ITEM," 

% 

% Punctuation (and spacing) between items is often determined by both of the

% items rather than just the first one. The presence of quotation marks

% further complicates the situation because, in standard English, trailing

% punctuation marks are supposed to be contained within the quotes.

% 

% IEEEtran.bst maintains two output state (aka "status") vectors which

% correspond to the previous and current (aka "this") items. Each vector

% consists of several independent attributes which track punctuation,

% spacing, quotation, and newlines. Capitalization status is handled by a

% separate scalar because the format routines, not the output routine,

% handle capitalization and, therefore, there is no need to maintain the

% capitalization attribute for both the "previous" and "this" items.

% 

% When a format routine adds a new item, it copies the current output status

% vector to the previous output status vector and (usually) resets the

% current (this) output status vector to a "standard status" vector. Using a

% "standard status" vector in this way allows us to redefine what we mean by

% "standard status" at the start of each entry handler and reuse the same

% format routines under the various inter-item separation schemes. For

% example, the standard status vector for the @book entry type may use

% commas for item separators, while the @electronic type may use periods,

% yet both entry handlers exploit many of the exact same format routines.

% 

% Because format routines have write access to the output status vector of

% the previous item, they can override the punctuation choices of the

% previous format routine! Therefore, it becomes trivial to implement rules

% such as "Always use a period and a large space before the publisher." By

% pushing the generation of the closing quote mark to the output routine, we

% avoid all the problems caused by having to close a quote before having all

% the information required to determine what the punctuation should be.

%

% The IEEEtran.bst output state system can easily be expanded if needed.

% For instance, it is easy to add a "space.tie" attribute value if the

% bibliography rules mandate that two items have to be joined with an

% unbreakable space. 

FUNCTION {initialize.status.constants}

{ #0 'punct.no :=

  #1 'punct.comma :=

  #2 'punct.period :=

  #0 'space.no := 

  #1 'space.normal :=

  #2 'space.large :=

  #0 'quote.no :=

  #1 'quote.close :=

  #0 'cap.no :=

  #1 'cap.yes :=

  #0 'nline.no :=

  #1 'nline.newblock :=

}

FUNCTION {std.status.using.comma}

{ punct.comma 'punct.std :=

  space.normal 'space.std :=

  quote.no 'quote.std :=

  nline.no 'nline.std :=

  cap.no 'cap.std :=

}

FUNCTION {std.status.using.period}

{ punct.period 'punct.std :=

  space.normal 'space.std :=

  quote.no 'quote.std :=

  nline.no 'nline.std :=

  cap.yes 'cap.std :=

}

FUNCTION {initialize.prev.this.status}

{ punct.no 'prev.status.punct :=

  space.no 'prev.status.space :=

  quote.no 'prev.status.quote :=

  nline.no 'prev.status.nline :=

  punct.no 'this.status.punct :=

  space.no 'this.status.space :=

  quote.no 'this.status.quote :=

  nline.no 'this.status.nline :=

  cap.yes 'status.cap :=

}

FUNCTION {this.status.std}

{ punct.std 'this.status.punct :=

  space.std 'this.status.space :=

  quote.std 'this.status.quote :=

  nline.std 'this.status.nline :=

}

FUNCTION {cap.status.std}{ cap.std 'status.cap := }

FUNCTION {this.to.prev.status}

{ this.status.punct 'prev.status.punct :=

  this.status.space 'prev.status.space :=

  this.status.quote 'prev.status.quote :=

  this.status.nline 'prev.status.nline :=

}

FUNCTION {not}

{   { #0 }

    { #1 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {and}

{   { skip$ }

    { pop$ #0 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {or}

{   { pop$ #1 }

    { skip$ }

  if$

}

% convert the strings "yes" or "no" to #1 or #0 respectively

FUNCTION {yes.no.to.int}

{ "l" change.case$ duplicate$

    "yes" =

    { pop$  #1 }

    { duplicate$ "no" =

        { pop$ #0 }

        { "unknown boolean " quote$ * swap$ * quote$ *

          " in " * cite$ * warning$

          #0

        }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

% pushes true if the single char string on the stack is in the

% range of "0" to "9"

FUNCTION {is.num}

{ chr.to.int$

  duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not

  swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and

}

% multiplies the integer on the stack by a factor of 10

FUNCTION {bump.int.mag}

{ #0 'multiresult :=

    { duplicate$ #0 > }

    { #1 -

      multiresult #10 +

      'multiresult :=

    }

  while$

pop$

multiresult

}

% converts a single character string on the stack to an integer

FUNCTION {char.to.integer}

{ duplicate$ 

  is.num

    { chr.to.int$ "0" chr.to.int$ - }

    {"noninteger character " quote$ * swap$ * quote$ *

          " in integer field of " * cite$ * warning$

    #0

    }

  if$

}

% converts a string on the stack to an integer

FUNCTION {string.to.integer}

{ duplicate$ text.length$ 'namesleft :=

  #1 'nameptr :=

  #0 'numnames :=

    { nameptr namesleft > not }

    { duplicate$ nameptr #1 substring$

      char.to.integer numnames bump.int.mag +

      'numnames :=

      nameptr #1 +

      'nameptr :=

    }

  while$

pop$

numnames

}

% The output routines write out the *next* to the top (previous) item on the

% stack, adding punctuation and such as needed. Since IEEEtran.bst maintains

% the output status for the top two items on the stack, these output

% routines have to consider the previous output status (which corresponds to

% the item that is being output). Full independent control of punctuation,

% closing quote marks, spacing, and newblock is provided.

% 

% "output.nonnull" does not check for the presence of a previous empty

% item.

% 

% "output" does check for the presence of a previous empty item and will

% remove an empty item rather than outputing it.

% 

% "output.warn" is like "output", but will issue a warning if it detects

% an empty item.

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}

{ swap$

  prev.status.punct punct.comma =

     { "," * }

     { skip$ }

   if$

  prev.status.punct punct.period =

     { add.period$ }

     { skip$ }

   if$ 

  prev.status.quote quote.close =

     { "''" * }

     { skip$ }

   if$

  prev.status.space space.normal =

     { " " * }

     { skip$ }

   if$

  prev.status.space space.large =

     { large.space * }

     { skip$ }

   if$

  write$

  prev.status.nline nline.newblock =

     { newline$ "\newblock " write$ }

     { skip$ }

   if$

}

FUNCTION {output}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    'pop$

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.warn}

{ 't :=

  duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

% "fin.entry" is the output routine that handles the last item of the entry

% (which will be on the top of the stack when "fin.entry" is called).

FUNCTION {fin.entry}

{ this.status.punct punct.no =

     { skip$ }

     { add.period$ }

   if$

   this.status.quote quote.close =

     { "''" * }

     { skip$ }

   if$

write$

newline$

}

FUNCTION {is.last.char.not.punct}

{ duplicate$

   "}" * add.period$

   #-1 #1 substring$ "." =

}

FUNCTION {is.multiple.pages}

{ 't :=

  #0 'multiresult :=

    { multiresult not

      t empty$ not

      and

    }

    { t #1 #1 substring$

      duplicate$ "-" =

      swap$ duplicate$ "," =

      swap$ "+" =

      or or

        { #1 'multiresult := }

        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }

      if$

    }

  while$

  multiresult

}

FUNCTION {capitalize}{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }

FUNCTION {emphasize}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {do.name.latex.cmd}

{ name.latex.cmd

  empty$

    { skip$ }

    { name.latex.cmd "{" * swap$ * "}" * }

  if$

}

% IEEEtran.bst uses its own \BIBforeignlanguage command which directly

% invokes the TeX hyphenation patterns without the need of the Babel

% package. Babel does a lot more than switch hyphenation patterns and

% its loading can cause unintended effects in many class files (such as

% IEEEtran.cls).

FUNCTION {select.language}

{ duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$

    { language empty$ 'skip$

        { "\BIBforeignlanguage{" language * "}{" * swap$ * "}" * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}

{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <

    { "~" }

    { " " }

  if$

  swap$

}

FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}

{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }

FUNCTION {space.word}{ " " swap$ * " " * }

% Field Conditioners, Converters, Checkers and External Interfaces

FUNCTION {empty.field.to.null.string}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}

{ empty$

    { pop$ }

    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {empty.entry.warn}

{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$

  month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ url empty$

  and and and and and and

    { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }

    'skip$

  if$

}

% The bibinfo system provides a way for the electronic parsing/acquisition

% of a bibliography's contents as is done by ReVTeX. For example, a field

% could be entered into the bibliography as:

% \bibinfo{volume}{2}

% Only the "2" would show up in the document, but the LaTeX \bibinfo command

% could do additional things with the information. IEEEtran.bst does provide

% a \bibinfo command via "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}". However, it is

% currently not used as the bogus bibinfo functions defined here output the

% entry values directly without the \bibinfo wrapper. The bibinfo functions

% themselves (and the calls to them) are retained for possible future use.

% 

% bibinfo.check avoids acting on missing fields while bibinfo.warn will

% issue a warning message if a missing field is detected. Prior to calling

% the bibinfo functions, the user should push the field value and then its

% name string, in that order.

FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}

{ swap$ duplicate$ missing$

    { pop$ pop$ "" }

    { duplicate$ empty$

        { swap$ pop$ }

        { swap$ pop$ }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}

{ swap$ duplicate$ missing$

    { swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ "" }

    { duplicate$ empty$

        { swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

        { swap$ pop$ }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

% IEEE separates large numbers with more than 4 digits into groups of

% three. IEEE uses a small space to separate these number groups. 

% Typical applications include patent and page numbers.

% number of consecutive digits required to trigger the group separation.

FUNCTION {large.number.trigger}{ #5 }

% For numbers longer than the trigger, this is the blocksize of the groups.

% The blocksize must be less than the trigger threshold, and 2 * blocksize

% must be greater than the trigger threshold (can't do more than one

% separation on the initial trigger).

FUNCTION {large.number.blocksize}{ #3 }

% What is actually inserted between the number groups.

FUNCTION {large.number.separator}{ "\," }

% So as to save on integer variables by reusing existing ones, numnames

% holds the current number of consecutive digits read and nameptr holds

% the number that will trigger an inserted space.

FUNCTION {large.number.separate}

{ 't :=

  ""

  #0 'numnames :=

  large.number.trigger 'nameptr :=

  { t empty$ not }

  { t #-1 #1 substring$ is.num

      { numnames #1 + 'numnames := }

      { #0 'numnames := 

        large.number.trigger 'nameptr :=

      }

    if$

    t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ *

    t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

    numnames nameptr =

      { duplicate$ #1 nameptr large.number.blocksize - substring$ swap$

        nameptr large.number.blocksize - #1 + global.max$ substring$

        large.number.separator swap$ * *

        nameptr large.number.blocksize - 'numnames :=

        large.number.blocksize #1 + 'nameptr :=

      }

      { skip$ }

    if$

  }

  while$

}

% Converts all single dashes "-" to double dashes "--".

FUNCTION {n.dashify}

{ large.number.separate

  't :=

  ""

    { t empty$ not }

    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =

        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not

            { "--" *

              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

            }

            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }

                { "-" *

                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

                }

              while$

            }

          if$

        }

        { t #1 #1 substring$ *

          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

        }

      if$

    }

  while$

}

% This function detects entries with names that are identical to that of

% the previous entry and replaces the repeated names with dashes (if the

% "is.dash.repeated.names" user control is nonzero).

FUNCTION {name.or.dash}

{ 's :=

   oldname empty$

     { s 'oldname := s }

     { s oldname =

         { is.dash.repeated.names

              { repeated.name.dashes }

              { s 'oldname := s }

            if$

         }

         { s 'oldname := s }

       if$

     }

   if$

}

% Converts the number string on the top of the stack to

% "numerical ordinal form" (e.g., "7" to "7th"). There is

% no artificial limit to the upper bound of the numbers as the

% least significant digit always determines the ordinal form.

FUNCTION {num.to.ordinal}

{ duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "1" =

     { bbl.st * }

     { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "2" =

         { bbl.nd * }

         { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "3" =

             { bbl.rd * }

             { bbl.th * }

           if$

         }

       if$

     }

   if$

}

% If the string on the top of the stack begins with a number,

% (e.g., 11th) then replace the string with the leading number

% it contains. Otherwise retain the string as-is. s holds the

% extracted number, t holds the part of the string that remains

% to be scanned.

FUNCTION {extract.num}

{ duplicate$ 't :=

  "" 's :=

  { t empty$ not }

  { t #1 #1 substring$

    t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

    duplicate$ is.num

      { s swap$ * 's := }

      { pop$ "" 't := }

    if$

  }

  while$

  s empty$

    'skip$

    { pop$ s }

  if$

}

% Converts the word number string on the top of the stack to

% Arabic string form. Will be successful up to "tenth".

FUNCTION {word.to.num}

{ duplicate$ "l" change.case$ 's :=

  s "first" =

    { pop$ "1" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "second" =

    { pop$ "2" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "third" =

    { pop$ "3" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "fourth" =

    { pop$ "4" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "fifth" =

    { pop$ "5" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "sixth" =

    { pop$ "6" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "seventh" =

    { pop$ "7" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "eighth" =

    { pop$ "8" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "ninth" =

    { pop$ "9" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  s "tenth" =

    { pop$ "10" }

    { skip$ }

  if$

}

% Converts the string on the top of the stack to numerical

% ordinal (e.g., "11th") form.

FUNCTION {convert.edition}

{ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { duplicate$ #1 #1 substring$ is.num

        { extract.num

          num.to.ordinal

        }

        { word.to.num

          duplicate$ #1 #1 substring$ is.num

            { num.to.ordinal }

            { "edition ordinal word " quote$ * edition * quote$ *

              " may be too high (or improper) for conversion" * " in " * cite$ * warning$

            }

          if$

        }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% LATEX BIBLIOGRAPHY CODE %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION {start.entry}

{ newline$

  "\bibitem{" write$

  cite$ write$

  "}" write$

  newline$

  ""

  initialize.prev.this.status

}

% Here we write out all the LaTeX code that we will need. The most involved

% code sequences are those that control the alternate interword spacing and

% foreign language hyphenation patterns. The heavy use of \providecommand

% gives users a way to override the defaults. Special thanks to Javier Bezos,

% Johannes Braams, Robin Fairbairns, Heiko Oberdiek, Donald Arseneau and all

% the other gurus on comp.text.tex for their help and advice on the topic of

% \selectlanguage, Babel and BibTeX.

FUNCTION {begin.bib}

{ "% Generated by IEEEtran.bst, version: " bst.file.version * " (" * bst.file.date * ")" *

  write$ newline$

  preamble$ empty$ 'skip$

    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }

  if$

  "\begin{thebibliography}{"  longest.label  * "}" *

  write$ newline$

  "\providecommand{\url}[1]{#1}"

  write$ newline$

  "\csname url@samestyle\endcsname"

  write$ newline$

  "\providecommand{\newblock}{\relax}"

  write$ newline$

  "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}"

  write$ newline$

  "\providecommand{\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing}{\spaceskip=0pt\relax}"

  write$ newline$

  "\providecommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor}{"

  ALTinterwordstretchfactor * "}" *

  write$ newline$

  "\providecommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing}{\spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font plus "

  write$ newline$

  "\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor\fontdimen3\font minus \fontdimen4\font\relax}"

  write$ newline$

  "\providecommand{\BIBforeignlanguage}[2]{{%"

  write$ newline$

  "\expandafter\ifx\csname l@#1\endcsname\relax"

  write$ newline$

  "\typeout{** WARNING: IEEEtran.bst: No hyphenation pattern has been}%"

  write$ newline$

  "\typeout{** loaded for the language `#1'. Using the pattern for}%"

  write$ newline$

  "\typeout{** the default language instead.}%"

  write$ newline$

  "\else"

  write$ newline$

  "\language=\csname l@#1\endcsname"

  write$ newline$

  "\fi"

  write$ newline$

  "#2}}"

  write$ newline$

  "\providecommand{\BIBdecl}{\relax}"

  write$ newline$

  "\BIBdecl"

  write$ newline$

}

FUNCTION {end.bib}

{ newline$ "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ }

FUNCTION {if.url.alt.interword.spacing}

{ is.use.alt.interword.spacing 

     {url empty$ 'skip$ {"\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing" write$ newline$} if$}

     { skip$ }

   if$

}

FUNCTION {if.url.std.interword.spacing}

{ is.use.alt.interword.spacing 

     {url empty$ 'skip$ {"\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing" write$ newline$} if$}

     { skip$ }

   if$

}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% LONGEST LABEL PASS %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}

{ "" 'longest.label :=

  #1 'number.label :=

  #0 'longest.label.width :=

}

FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}

{ type$ "ieeetranbstctl" =

    { skip$ }

    { number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=

      number.label #1 + 'number.label :=

      label width$ longest.label.width >

        { label 'longest.label :=

          label width$ 'longest.label.width :=

        }

        { skip$ }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% FORMAT HANDLERS %%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%% Lower Level Formats (used by higher level formats)

FUNCTION {format.address.org.or.pub.date}

{ 't :=

  ""

  year empty$

    { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }

    { skip$ }

  if$

  address empty$ t empty$ and

  year empty$ and month empty$ and

    { skip$ }

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      cap.status.std

      address "address" bibinfo.check *

      t empty$

        { skip$ }

        { punct.period 'prev.status.punct :=

          space.large 'prev.status.space :=

          address empty$

            { skip$ }

            { ": " * }

          if$

          t *

        }

      if$

      year empty$ month empty$ and

        { skip$ }

        { t empty$ address empty$ and

            { skip$ }

            { ", " * }

          if$

          month empty$

            { year empty$

                { skip$ }

                { year "year" bibinfo.check * }

              if$

            }

            { month "month" bibinfo.check *

              year empty$

                 { skip$ }

                 { " " * year "year" bibinfo.check * }

              if$

            }

          if$

        }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.names}

{ 'bibinfo :=

  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {

  this.to.prev.status

  this.status.std

  's :=

  "" 't :=

  #1 'nameptr :=

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { s nameptr

      name.format.string

      format.name$

      bibinfo bibinfo.check

      't :=

      nameptr #1 >

        { nameptr num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al #1 + =

          numnames max.num.names.before.forced.et.al >

          is.forced.et.al and and

            { "others" 't :=

              #1 'namesleft :=

            }

            { skip$ }

          if$

          namesleft #1 >

            { ", " * t do.name.latex.cmd * }

            { s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =

                { 't := }

                { pop$ }

              if$

              t "others" =

                { " " * bbl.etal emphasize * }

                { numnames #2 >

                    { "," * }

                    { skip$ }

                  if$

                  bbl.and

                  space.word * t do.name.latex.cmd *

                }

              if$

            }

          if$

        }

        { t do.name.latex.cmd }

      if$

      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=

      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=

    }

  while$

  cap.status.std

  } if$

}

%% Higher Level Formats

%% addresses/locations

FUNCTION {format.address}

{ address duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      cap.status.std

    }

  if$

}

%% author/editor names

FUNCTION {format.authors}{ author "author" format.names }

FUNCTION {format.editors}

{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { ", " *

      get.bbl.editor

      capitalize

      *

    }

  if$

}

%% date

FUNCTION {format.date}

{

  month "month" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$

  year  "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$

    { swap$ 'skip$

        { this.to.prev.status

          this.status.std

          cap.status.std

         "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }

      if$

      *

    }

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      cap.status.std

      swap$ 'skip$

        {

          swap$

          " " * swap$

        }

      if$

      *

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.date.electronic}

{ month "month" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$

  year  "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$

    { swap$ 

        { pop$ }

        { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$

        pop$ ")" * "(" swap$ *

        this.to.prev.status

        punct.no 'this.status.punct :=

        space.normal 'this.status.space :=

        quote.no 'this.status.quote :=

        cap.yes  'status.cap :=

        }

      if$

    }

    { swap$ 

        { swap$ pop$ ")" * "(" swap$ * }

        { "(" swap$ * ", " * swap$ * ")" * }

      if$

    this.to.prev.status

    punct.no 'this.status.punct :=

    space.normal 'this.status.space :=

    quote.no 'this.status.quote :=

    cap.yes  'status.cap :=

    }

  if$

}

%% edition/title

% Note: IEEE considers the edition to be closely associated with

% the title of a book. So, in IEEEtran.bst the edition is normally handled 

% within the formatting of the title. The format.edition function is 

% retained here for possible future use.

FUNCTION {format.edition}

{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      convert.edition

      status.cap

        { "t" }

        { "l" }

      if$ change.case$

      "edition" bibinfo.check

      "~" * bbl.edition *

      cap.status.std

    }

  if$

}

% This is used to format the booktitle of a conference proceedings.

% Here we use the "intype" field to provide the user a way to 

% override the word "in" (e.g., with things like "presented at")

% Use of intype stops the emphasis of the booktitle to indicate that

% we no longer mean the written conference proceedings, but the

% conference itself.

FUNCTION {format.in.booktitle}

{ booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      select.language

      intype missing$

        { emphasize

          bbl.in " " *

        }

        { intype " " * }

      if$

      swap$ *

      cap.status.std

    }

  if$

}

% This is used to format the booktitle of collection.

% Here the "intype" field is not supported, but "edition" is.

FUNCTION {format.in.booktitle.edition}

{ booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      select.language

      emphasize

      edition empty$ 'skip$

        { ", " *

          edition

          convert.edition

          "l" change.case$

          * "~" * bbl.edition *

        }

      if$

      bbl.in " " * swap$ *

      cap.status.std

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.article.title}

{ title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      "t" change.case$

    }

  if$

  "title" bibinfo.check

  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { quote.close 'this.status.quote :=

      is.last.char.not.punct

        { punct.std 'this.status.punct := }

        { punct.no 'this.status.punct := }

      if$

      select.language

      "``" swap$ *

      cap.status.std

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.article.title.electronic}

{ title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      cap.status.std

      "t" change.case$ 

    }

  if$

  "title" bibinfo.check

  duplicate$ empty$ 

    { skip$ } 

    { select.language }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.book.title.edition}

{ title "title" bibinfo.check

  duplicate$ empty$

    { "empty title in " cite$ * warning$ }

    { this.to.prev.status

      this.status.std

      select.language

      emphasize

      edition empty$ 'skip$

        { ", " *

          edition

          convert.edition

          status.cap

            { "t" }

            { "l" }

          if$

          change.case$

          * "~" * bbl.edition *

        }

      if$